{"id":41,"date":"2021-10-28T08:16:01","date_gmt":"2021-10-28T08:16:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/celetrix.com\/celetrix\/?page_id=41"},"modified":"2025-01-20T06:38:24","modified_gmt":"2025-01-20T06:38:24","slug":"vs-cuvette","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.celetrix.com\/zh\/vs-cuvette\/","title":{"rendered":"vs Cuvette"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"41\" class=\"elementor elementor-41\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-30d7c2dd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"30d7c2dd\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3035c3a1\" data-id=\"3035c3a1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63d862bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-bdt-breadcrumbs\" data-id=\"63d862bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"bdt-breadcrumbs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class='bdt-breadcrumbs-wrapper'><ul class=\"bdt-breadcrumb breadcrumb-align-left\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.celetrix.com\/zh\/\"><span class=\"bdt-breadcrumbs-home-icon\"> <i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-home\"><\/i> <\/span>Electroporation by Celetrix<\/a><\/li>\n<li><span> \u9875\u9762<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f9ebc6d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4f9ebc6d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A Farewell to Cuvettes<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4bd2bb25 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4bd2bb25\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>1. Surface effect warps electric field in cuvettes<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"col-sm-12 col-md-8-5\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.celetrix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/20180326165323_118.jpg\"  width=\"9\" height=\"8\" title=\"vs Cuvette\u63d2\u56fe\" alt=\"vs Cuvette\u63d2\u56fe\" \/>\u00a0The liquid surface inside a cuvette is curved because of a small liquid-solid contact angle. The curvature alters the even distribution of voltage. The voltage distribution in the liquid can be simulated by a simplified equivalent circuit. The whole liquid is subdivided into resistors of roughly identical resistance. These resistors are connected into multiple series with the same end-to-end total voltage between the electrodes and the series are also arranged in parallel. In a series circuit, voltage is distributed in proportion to resistance. Each of these resistors would have the same voltage if the liquid surface is flat.<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-253 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/www.celetrix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/\u7535\u6d41\u56fe\u793a-1.png\"  width=\"368\" height=\"308\" title=\"vs Cuvette\u63d2\u56fe1\" alt=\"vs Cuvette\u63d2\u56fe1\" \/><\/div><div class=\"col-sm-12 col-md-4\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.celetrix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/20180326165323_118.jpg\"  width=\"9\" height=\"8\" title=\"vs Cuvette\u63d2\u56fe\" alt=\"vs Cuvette\u63d2\u56fe\" \/>\u00a0At the liquid corner (<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.celetrix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/20180508144953_115.png\"  width=\"14\" height=\"14\" title=\"vs Cuvette\u63d2\u56fe2\" alt=\"vs Cuvette\u63d2\u56fe2\" \/>\u00a0), two resistors are first connected in parallel with the resistance cut in half and they are then connected in series to the center resistor (\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.celetrix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/20180508144953_961.png\"  width=\"14\" height=\"14\" title=\"vs Cuvette\u63d2\u56fe3\" alt=\"vs Cuvette\u63d2\u56fe3\" \/>\u00a0). The corner resisters assume a lower voltage and the cells in the corners are insufficiently electroporated (\u00a0<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.celetrix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/20180508144953_115.png\"  width=\"14\" height=\"14\" title=\"vs Cuvette\u63d2\u56fe2\" alt=\"vs Cuvette\u63d2\u56fe2\" \/>\u00a0). The center resistor is allocated a higher voltage and the cells in the center under the curved surface are killed by an excessive voltage (\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.celetrix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/20180508144953_961.png\"  width=\"14\" height=\"14\" title=\"vs Cuvette\u63d2\u56fe3\" alt=\"vs Cuvette\u63d2\u56fe3\" \/>\u00a0). Therefore the upper portion in the cuvette is a poor area for electroporation. Only the lower portion (\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.celetrix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/20180508144953_883.png\"  width=\"14\" height=\"14\" title=\"vs Cuvette\u63d2\u56fe4\" alt=\"vs Cuvette\u63d2\u56fe4\" \/>\u00a0) is the good electroporation area unaffected by the surface warping effect.<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-460df147 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"460df147\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>2. Bubbles cause current turmoil in cuvettes<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-254 alignleft\" src=\"http:\/\/www.celetrix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/20180427205150_534.jpg\"  width=\"392\" height=\"366\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.celetrix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/20180427205150_534.jpg 392w, https:\/\/www.celetrix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/20180427205150_534-300x280.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 392px) 100vw, 392px\" title=\"vs Cuvette\u63d2\u56fe5\" alt=\"vs Cuvette\u63d2\u56fe5\" \/><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.celetrix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/20180326165323_118.jpg\"  width=\"9\" height=\"8\" title=\"vs Cuvette\u63d2\u56fe6\" alt=\"vs Cuvette\u63d2\u56fe6\" \/>&nbsp;The electrode surface is quite large in cuvettes. Electrochemical reactions produce toxic agents and air bubbles. The bubbles are a huge adverse factor in electroporation.<br><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.celetrix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/20180326165323_118.jpg\"  width=\"9\" height=\"8\" title=\"vs Cuvette\u63d2\u56fe6\" alt=\"vs Cuvette\u63d2\u56fe6\" \/>&nbsp;The bubbles are insulators and the electric current has to flow between the bubbles. The space between the bubbles thus has a higher current and the cells in this area are killed (&nbsp;<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.celetrix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/20180508144953_115.png\"  width=\"14\" height=\"14\" title=\"vs Cuvette\u63d2\u56fe7\" alt=\"vs Cuvette\u63d2\u56fe7\" \/>&nbsp;).<br><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.celetrix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/20180326165323_118.jpg\"  width=\"9\" height=\"8\" title=\"vs Cuvette\u63d2\u56fe6\" alt=\"vs Cuvette\u63d2\u56fe6\" \/> A bubble warps the electric current similar to the insulator cell shown in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.celetrix.com\/zh\/electroporation-mechanism\/\">Electroporation Mechanism<\/a>. On the direction of total current, areas before and after the bubble (<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.celetrix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/20180508144953_961.png\"  width=\"14\" height=\"14\" title=\"vs Cuvette\u63d2\u56fe8\" alt=\"vs Cuvette\u63d2\u56fe8\" \/>&nbsp;) have a lower current and cells in these areas are not effectively electroporated. Only the middle portion of the liquid (&nbsp;<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.celetrix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/20180508144953_883.png\"  width=\"14\" height=\"14\" title=\"vs Cuvette\u63d2\u56fe9\" alt=\"vs Cuvette\u63d2\u56fe9\" \/>) away from the electrodes is the optimal area.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a2b158d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3a2b158d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-255 alignright\" src=\"http:\/\/www.celetrix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/20180317104927_549.jpg\"  width=\"120\" height=\"161\" title=\"vs Cuvette\u63d2\u56fe10\" alt=\"vs Cuvette\u63d2\u56fe10\" \/><\/p><p><strong>Summary: Limitation of cuvettes<\/strong><\/p><div class=\"container\"><div class=\"col-sm-6 col-md-6\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.celetrix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/20180326165323_118.jpg\"  width=\"9\" height=\"8\" title=\"vs Cuvette\u63d2\u56fe\" alt=\"vs Cuvette\u63d2\u56fe\" \/>\u00a0Within the cuvette, the upper portion is a poor area for electroporation as well as the two side portions adjacent to the electrodes.<br \/><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.celetrix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/20180326165323_118.jpg\"  width=\"9\" height=\"8\" title=\"vs Cuvette\u63d2\u56fe\" alt=\"vs Cuvette\u63d2\u56fe\" \/>\u00a0After cutting out the poor areas, the real optimal area (shown as the blue block at the right) in the cuvette is small. For 1mm and 2mm cuvettes, there might be no optimal area at all since the bubbles can spread from the electrodes quite vigorously.<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2103ad8\" data-id=\"2103ad8\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67118624 elementor-nav-menu__align-start elementor-nav-menu--dropdown-none elementor-widget elementor-widget-nav-menu\" data-id=\"67118624\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;layout&quot;:&quot;vertical&quot;,&quot;submenu_icon&quot;:{&quot;value&quot;:&quot;&lt;i class=\\&quot;fas fa-caret-down\\&quot; aria-hidden=\\&quot;true\\&quot;&gt;&lt;\\\/i&gt;&quot;,&quot;library&quot;:&quot;fa-solid&quot;}}\" data-widget_type=\"nav-menu.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<nav aria-label=\"Menu\" class=\"elementor-nav-menu--main elementor-nav-menu__container elementor-nav-menu--layout-vertical e--pointer-background e--animation-fade\">\n\t\t\t\t<ul id=\"menu-1-67118624\" class=\"elementor-nav-menu sm-vertical\"><li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-99\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.celetrix.com\/zh\/electroporation-mechanism\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">Electroporation Mechanism<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-100\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.celetrix.com\/zh\/nucleus-transfection\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">Nucleus Transfection?<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-103\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.celetrix.com\/zh\/vs-cuvette\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">vs Cuvette<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-102\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.celetrix.com\/zh\/vs-capillary\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">vs Capillary<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-101\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.celetrix.com\/zh\/rnp-mrna-sirna-vs-plasmid\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">RNP mRNA siRNA vs Plasmid<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-98\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.celetrix.com\/zh\/celetrix-advantage\/\" class=\"elementor-item\">Celetrix Advantage<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<nav class=\"elementor-nav-menu--dropdown elementor-nav-menu__container\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t<ul id=\"menu-2-67118624\" class=\"elementor-nav-menu sm-vertical\"><li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-99\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.celetrix.com\/zh\/electroporation-mechanism\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Electroporation Mechanism<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-100\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.celetrix.com\/zh\/nucleus-transfection\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Nucleus Transfection?<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-103\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.celetrix.com\/zh\/vs-cuvette\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">vs Cuvette<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-102\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.celetrix.com\/zh\/vs-capillary\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">vs Capillary<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-101\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.celetrix.com\/zh\/rnp-mrna-sirna-vs-plasmid\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">RNP mRNA siRNA vs Plasmid<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-98\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.celetrix.com\/zh\/celetrix-advantage\/\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Celetrix Advantage<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Electroporation by Celetrix Page A Farewell to Cuvettes 1. Surface effect warps electric field in cuvettes \u00a0The liquid surface inside a cuvette is curved because of a small liquid-solid contact angle. The curvature alters the even distribution of voltage. The voltage distribution in the liquid can be simulated by a simplified equivalent circuit. The whole [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-41","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.celetrix.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/41","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.celetrix.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.celetrix.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.celetrix.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.celetrix.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=41"}],"version-history":[{"count":20,"href":"https:\/\/www.celetrix.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/41\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1700,"href":"https:\/\/www.celetrix.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/41\/revisions\/1700"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.celetrix.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=41"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}